<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/map/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/map/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/map/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/map/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/map/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/privacy/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/privacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/privacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/privacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/privacy/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/cookies/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/cookies/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/cookies/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/cookies/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/cookies/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-biruni/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-farghani/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/babur/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/babur/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/babur/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/babur/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/babur/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/munis/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/munis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/munis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/munis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/munis/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ogahi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/sogdiana/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:59Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/sogdiana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/sogdiana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/sogdiana-a-land-of-cities-and-intermediaries/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/sogdiana/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/samarkand/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T18:29:27Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/samarkand/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/samarkand-epokhi-timuridov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/samarkand-under-the-timurids/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/samarkand/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bukhara/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:27:01Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bukhara/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/bukhara/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bukhara-city-and-historic-landscape/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bukhara/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khorezm/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:27:08Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khorezm/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/khorezm/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/ancient-khorezm-river-fortresses-and-state/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khorezm/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bactria/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:27:03Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bactria/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/bactria/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bactria-oases-kingdoms-and-a-crossroads-of-cultures/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bactria/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kangju/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:27:06Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kangju/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/kangju/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/kangju-a-state-and-societies-of-the-middle-syr-darya/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kangju/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/hephthalites/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:27:05Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/hephthalites/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/hephthalites/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-hephthalites-an-empire-between-central-asia-iran-and-india/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/hephthalites/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ferghana/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:27:04Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ferghana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/ferghana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-fergana-valley-from-dayuan-to-akhsikent/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ferghana/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khiva/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:27:07Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khiva/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/khiva/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/khiva-capital-of-a-khanate-and-the-city-of-itchan-kala/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khiva/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/shakhrisabz/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:27:09Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/shakhrisabz/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/shakhrisabz/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/shakhrisabz-and-kesh-from-sogdian-centre-to-timurid-heritage/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/shakhrisabz/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/1898-yilgi-andijon-qozgoloni/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T18:01:31Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/1898-yilgi-andijon-qozgoloni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/andizhanskoe-vosstanie-1898-goda/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/andijan-uprising-of-1898/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/1898-yilgi-andijon-qozgoloni/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/buxoro-xalq-sovet-respublikasi-1920-1924/</loc><lastmod>2026-11-06T14:14:07Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/buxoro-xalq-sovet-respublikasi-1920-1924/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/buharskaya-narodnaya-sovetskaya-respublika-1920-1924/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bukharan-peoples-soviet-republic-1920-1924/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/buxoro-xalq-sovet-respublikasi-1920-1924/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kushon-podsholigi-tarixi-va-merosi/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T20:43:20Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kushon-podsholigi-tarixi-va-merosi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/kushanskoe-tsarstvo-istoriya-i-nasledie/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/kushan-empire-history-and-legacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kushon-podsholigi-tarixi-va-merosi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/masxarabozlik-ozbek-xalq-tomosha-sanati-tarixi/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T18:01:40Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/masxarabozlik-ozbek-xalq-tomosha-sanati-tarixi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/maskharabozlik-istoriya-uzbekskogo-narodnogo-zrelishchnogo-iskusstva/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/masxarabozlik-history-of-uzbek-folk-spectacular-arts/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/masxarabozlik-ozbek-xalq-tomosha-sanati-tarixi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/o-zbekiston-hududidagi-eng-qadimgi-jamiyatlar/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-26T11:15:59Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/o-zbekiston-hududidagi-eng-qadimgi-jamiyatlar/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/drevneishie-obshestva-na-territorii-uzbekistana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/origins/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/o-zbekiston-hududidagi-eng-qadimgi-jamiyatlar/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/orol-dengizi-va-orolbo-yi-suv-xo-jalik-va-o-zgarishlar/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T20:07:08Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/orol-dengizi-va-orolbo-yi-suv-xo-jalik-va-o-zgarishlar/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/aral-sea/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-aral-sea-and-its-region-water-livelihoods-and-change/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/orol-dengizi-va-orolbo-yi-suv-xo-jalik-va-o-zgarishlar/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ozbekistonning-unutilgan-qadimiy-shaharlari/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-18T13:56:31Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ozbekistonning-unutilgan-qadimiy-shaharlari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/zabytye-drevnie-goroda-uzbekistana-8-istoricheskikh-pamyatnikov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/uzbekistans-forgotten-ancient-cities/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ozbekistonning-unutilgan-qadimiy-shaharlari/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/poykent-buxoro-vohasining-qadimiy-savdo-shahri/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-14T18:43:08Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/poykent-buxoro-vohasining-qadimiy-savdo-shahri/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/paykend-zabytyi-torgovyi-gorod-bukharskogo-oazisa/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/poykent-forgotten-trading-city-bukhara-oasis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/poykent-buxoro-vohasining-qadimiy-savdo-shahri/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/qadimgi-termiz-shimoliy-baqtriya/</loc><lastmod>2026-11-06T14:27:14Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/qadimgi-termiz-shimoliy-baqtriya/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/drevniy-termez-severnaya-baktriya/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/ancient-termez-northern-bactria/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/qadimgi-termiz-shimoliy-baqtriya/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/somoniylar-davlati-buxoro-markazida-movarounnahrning-yuksalishi-819-999/</loc><lastmod>2026-11-06T14:21:16Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/somoniylar-davlati-buxoro-markazida-movarounnahrning-yuksalishi-819-999/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/gosudarstvo-samanidov-vozvyshenie-maverannakhra-s-tsentrom-v-bukhare-819-999/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/samanid-state-rise-of-transoxiana-under-bukhara-819-999/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/somoniylar-davlati-buxoro-markazida-movarounnahrning-yuksalishi-819-999/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/toshkent-choch-binkat-va-zamonaviy-shahar/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T20:43:56Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/toshkent-choch-binkat-va-zamonaviy-shahar/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/tashkent-chach-binket-i-sovremennyi-gorod/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/tashkent-chach-binkat-and-the-modern-city/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/toshkent-choch-binkat-va-zamonaviy-shahar/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/varakhsha-bukharkhudats-residence/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T11:58:08Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/varakhsha-bukharkhudats-residence/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/varakhsha-rezidenciya-bukharkhudatov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/varakhsha-residence-of-the-bukhar-khudats/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/varakhsha-bukharkhudats-residence/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/zarafshon-vohasi-tarixi-madaniyati-va-hayot-manbai/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T19:16:08Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/zarafshon-vohasi-tarixi-madaniyati-va-hayot-manbai/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/zarafshanskii-oazis-istoriya-kultura-i-istochnik-zhizni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-zarafshan-oasis-history-culture-and-lifeline/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/zarafshon-vohasi-tarixi-madaniyati-va-hayot-manbai/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/map/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/map/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/map/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/map/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/map/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/privacy/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/privacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/privacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/privacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/privacy/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/cookies/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/cookies/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/cookies/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/cookies/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/cookies/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-biruni/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-farghani/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/babur/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/babur/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/babur/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/babur/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/babur/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/munis/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/munis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/munis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/munis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/munis/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ogahi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/sogdiana/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:46Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/sogdiana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/sogdiana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/sogdiana-a-land-of-cities-and-intermediaries/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/sogdiana/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/bukhara/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:48Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bukhara/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/bukhara/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bukhara-city-and-historic-landscape/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bukhara/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/khorezm/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:55Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khorezm/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/khorezm/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/ancient-khorezm-river-fortresses-and-state/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khorezm/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/bactria/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:50Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bactria/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/bactria/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bactria-oases-kingdoms-and-a-crossroads-of-cultures/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bactria/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/kangju/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:53Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kangju/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/kangju/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/kangju-a-state-and-societies-of-the-middle-syr-darya/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kangju/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/hephthalites/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:52Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/hephthalites/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/hephthalites/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-hephthalites-an-empire-between-central-asia-iran-and-india/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/hephthalites/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/ferghana/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:51Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ferghana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/ferghana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-fergana-valley-from-dayuan-to-akhsikent/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ferghana/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/khiva/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:54Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khiva/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/khiva/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/khiva-capital-of-a-khanate-and-the-city-of-itchan-kala/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khiva/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/shakhrisabz/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:56Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/shakhrisabz/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/shakhrisabz/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/shakhrisabz-and-kesh-from-sogdian-centre-to-timurid-heritage/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/shakhrisabz/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/aral-sea/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:26:49Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/orol-dengizi-va-orolbo-yi-suv-xo-jalik-va-o-zgarishlar/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/aral-sea/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-aral-sea-and-its-region-water-livelihoods-and-change/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/orol-dengizi-va-orolbo-yi-suv-xo-jalik-va-o-zgarishlar/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/andizhanskoe-vosstanie-1898-goda/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T18:01:31Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/1898-yilgi-andijon-qozgoloni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/andizhanskoe-vosstanie-1898-goda/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/andijan-uprising-of-1898/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/1898-yilgi-andijon-qozgoloni/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/buharskaya-narodnaya-sovetskaya-respublika-1920-1924/</loc><lastmod>2026-11-06T14:14:07Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/buxoro-xalq-sovet-respublikasi-1920-1924/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/buharskaya-narodnaya-sovetskaya-respublika-1920-1924/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bukharan-peoples-soviet-republic-1920-1924/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/buxoro-xalq-sovet-respublikasi-1920-1924/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/drevneishie-obshestva-na-territorii-uzbekistana/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:56:02Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/o-zbekiston-hududidagi-eng-qadimgi-jamiyatlar/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/drevneishie-obshestva-na-territorii-uzbekistana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/origins/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/o-zbekiston-hududidagi-eng-qadimgi-jamiyatlar/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/drevniy-termez-severnaya-baktriya/</loc><lastmod>2026-11-06T14:27:14Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/qadimgi-termiz-shimoliy-baqtriya/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/drevniy-termez-severnaya-baktriya/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/ancient-termez-northern-bactria/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/qadimgi-termiz-shimoliy-baqtriya/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/gosudarstvo-samanidov-vozvyshenie-maverannakhra-s-tsentrom-v-bukhare-819-999/</loc><lastmod>2026-11-06T14:21:16Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/somoniylar-davlati-buxoro-markazida-movarounnahrning-yuksalishi-819-999/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/gosudarstvo-samanidov-vozvyshenie-maverannakhra-s-tsentrom-v-bukhare-819-999/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/samanid-state-rise-of-transoxiana-under-bukhara-819-999/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/somoniylar-davlati-buxoro-markazida-movarounnahrning-yuksalishi-819-999/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/kushanskoe-tsarstvo-istoriya-i-nasledie/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T20:43:26Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kushon-podsholigi-tarixi-va-merosi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/kushanskoe-tsarstvo-istoriya-i-nasledie/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/kushan-empire-history-and-legacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kushon-podsholigi-tarixi-va-merosi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/maskharabozlik-istoriya-uzbekskogo-narodnogo-zrelishchnogo-iskusstva/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T18:01:40Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/masxarabozlik-ozbek-xalq-tomosha-sanati-tarixi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/maskharabozlik-istoriya-uzbekskogo-narodnogo-zrelishchnogo-iskusstva/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/masxarabozlik-history-of-uzbek-folk-spectacular-arts/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/masxarabozlik-ozbek-xalq-tomosha-sanati-tarixi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/paykend-zabytyi-torgovyi-gorod-bukharskogo-oazisa/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-14T18:42:55Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/poykent-buxoro-vohasining-qadimiy-savdo-shahri/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/paykend-zabytyi-torgovyi-gorod-bukharskogo-oazisa/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/poykent-forgotten-trading-city-bukhara-oasis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/poykent-buxoro-vohasining-qadimiy-savdo-shahri/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/samarkand-epokhi-timuridov/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T18:29:05Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/samarkand/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/samarkand-epokhi-timuridov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/samarkand-under-the-timurids/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/samarkand/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/tashkent-chach-binket-i-sovremennyi-gorod/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T20:44:18Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/toshkent-choch-binkat-va-zamonaviy-shahar/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/tashkent-chach-binket-i-sovremennyi-gorod/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/tashkent-chach-binkat-and-the-modern-city/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/toshkent-choch-binkat-va-zamonaviy-shahar/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/varakhsha-rezidenciya-bukharkhudatov/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T11:58:14Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/varakhsha-bukharkhudats-residence/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/varakhsha-rezidenciya-bukharkhudatov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/varakhsha-residence-of-the-bukhar-khudats/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/varakhsha-bukharkhudats-residence/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/zabytye-drevnie-goroda-uzbekistana-8-istoricheskikh-pamyatnikov/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-18T13:56:25Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ozbekistonning-unutilgan-qadimiy-shaharlari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/zabytye-drevnie-goroda-uzbekistana-8-istoricheskikh-pamyatnikov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/uzbekistans-forgotten-ancient-cities/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ozbekistonning-unutilgan-qadimiy-shaharlari/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/zarafshanskii-oazis-istoriya-kultura-i-istochnik-zhizni/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T19:15:51Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/zarafshon-vohasi-tarixi-madaniyati-va-hayot-manbai/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/zarafshanskii-oazis-istoriya-kultura-i-istochnik-zhizni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-zarafshan-oasis-history-culture-and-lifeline/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/zarafshon-vohasi-tarixi-madaniyati-va-hayot-manbai/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/map/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/map/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/map/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/map/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/map/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/privacy/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/privacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/privacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/privacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/privacy/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/cookies/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/cookies/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/cookies/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/cookies/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/cookies/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-khwarizmi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-biruni/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-biruni/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-farghani/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-farghani/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ibn-sina/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ulugh-beg/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/alisher-navoi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vasily-shishkin/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sergei-tolstov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/kary-niyazov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/habib-abdullayev/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abid-sadykov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vsevolod-romanovsky/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/tashmukhamed-sarymsakov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ubay-arifov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/sadyk-azimov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mikhail-masson/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/yahya-gulyamov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/galina-pugachenkova/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/vladimir-shcheglov/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-zamakhshari/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/al-marghinani/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/bahauddin-naqshband/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/qadi-zada-rumi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ali-qushji/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/babur/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/babur/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/babur/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/babur/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/babur/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/abu-al-ghazi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/munis/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/munis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/munis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/munis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/munis/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ogahi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/ogahi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/</loc><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/tarixnoma/mahmud-behbudi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/origins/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-10T16:27:11Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/o-zbekiston-hududidagi-eng-qadimgi-jamiyatlar/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/drevneishie-obshestva-na-territorii-uzbekistana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/origins/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/o-zbekiston-hududidagi-eng-qadimgi-jamiyatlar/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/ancient-khorezm-river-fortresses-and-state/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:56:41Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khorezm/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/khorezm/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/ancient-khorezm-river-fortresses-and-state/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khorezm/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/ancient-termez-northern-bactria/</loc><lastmod>2026-11-06T14:27:14Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/qadimgi-termiz-shimoliy-baqtriya/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/drevniy-termez-severnaya-baktriya/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/ancient-termez-northern-bactria/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/qadimgi-termiz-shimoliy-baqtriya/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/andijan-uprising-of-1898/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T18:01:31Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/1898-yilgi-andijon-qozgoloni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/andizhanskoe-vosstanie-1898-goda/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/andijan-uprising-of-1898/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/1898-yilgi-andijon-qozgoloni/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bactria-oases-kingdoms-and-a-crossroads-of-cultures/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:57:35Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bactria/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/bactria/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bactria-oases-kingdoms-and-a-crossroads-of-cultures/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bactria/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bukhara-city-and-historic-landscape/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:57:14Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bukhara/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/bukhara/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bukhara-city-and-historic-landscape/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/bukhara/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bukharan-peoples-soviet-republic-1920-1924/</loc><lastmod>2026-11-06T14:14:07Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/buxoro-xalq-sovet-respublikasi-1920-1924/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/buharskaya-narodnaya-sovetskaya-respublika-1920-1924/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/bukharan-peoples-soviet-republic-1920-1924/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/buxoro-xalq-sovet-respublikasi-1920-1924/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/kangju-a-state-and-societies-of-the-middle-syr-darya/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:56:54Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kangju/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/kangju/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/kangju-a-state-and-societies-of-the-middle-syr-darya/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kangju/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/khiva-capital-of-a-khanate-and-the-city-of-itchan-kala/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:56:49Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khiva/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/khiva/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/khiva-capital-of-a-khanate-and-the-city-of-itchan-kala/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/khiva/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/kushan-empire-history-and-legacy/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T20:43:23Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kushon-podsholigi-tarixi-va-merosi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/kushanskoe-tsarstvo-istoriya-i-nasledie/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/kushan-empire-history-and-legacy/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/kushon-podsholigi-tarixi-va-merosi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/masxarabozlik-history-of-uzbek-folk-spectacular-arts/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T18:01:40Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/masxarabozlik-ozbek-xalq-tomosha-sanati-tarixi/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/maskharabozlik-istoriya-uzbekskogo-narodnogo-zrelishchnogo-iskusstva/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/masxarabozlik-history-of-uzbek-folk-spectacular-arts/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/masxarabozlik-ozbek-xalq-tomosha-sanati-tarixi/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/poykent-forgotten-trading-city-bukhara-oasis/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-14T18:43:01Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/poykent-buxoro-vohasining-qadimiy-savdo-shahri/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/paykend-zabytyi-torgovyi-gorod-bukharskogo-oazisa/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/poykent-forgotten-trading-city-bukhara-oasis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/poykent-buxoro-vohasining-qadimiy-savdo-shahri/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/samanid-state-rise-of-transoxiana-under-bukhara-819-999/</loc><lastmod>2026-11-06T14:21:16Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/somoniylar-davlati-buxoro-markazida-movarounnahrning-yuksalishi-819-999/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/gosudarstvo-samanidov-vozvyshenie-maverannakhra-s-tsentrom-v-bukhare-819-999/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/samanid-state-rise-of-transoxiana-under-bukhara-819-999/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/somoniylar-davlati-buxoro-markazida-movarounnahrning-yuksalishi-819-999/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/samarkand-under-the-timurids/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T18:29:18Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/samarkand/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/samarkand-epokhi-timuridov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/samarkand-under-the-timurids/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/samarkand/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/shakhrisabz-and-kesh-from-sogdian-centre-to-timurid-heritage/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:56:33Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/shakhrisabz/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/shakhrisabz/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/shakhrisabz-and-kesh-from-sogdian-centre-to-timurid-heritage/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/shakhrisabz/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/sogdiana-a-land-of-cities-and-intermediaries/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:57:23Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/sogdiana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/sogdiana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/sogdiana-a-land-of-cities-and-intermediaries/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/sogdiana/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/tashkent-chach-binkat-and-the-modern-city/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T20:44:02Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/toshkent-choch-binkat-va-zamonaviy-shahar/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/tashkent-chach-binket-i-sovremennyi-gorod/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/tashkent-chach-binkat-and-the-modern-city/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/toshkent-choch-binkat-va-zamonaviy-shahar/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-aral-sea-and-its-region-water-livelihoods-and-change/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:57:10Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/orol-dengizi-va-orolbo-yi-suv-xo-jalik-va-o-zgarishlar/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/aral-sea/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-aral-sea-and-its-region-water-livelihoods-and-change/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/orol-dengizi-va-orolbo-yi-suv-xo-jalik-va-o-zgarishlar/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-fergana-valley-from-dayuan-to-akhsikent/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T19:57:39Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ferghana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/ferghana/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-fergana-valley-from-dayuan-to-akhsikent/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ferghana/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-hephthalites-an-empire-between-central-asia-iran-and-india/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-12T20:19:57Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/hephthalites/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/hephthalites/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-hephthalites-an-empire-between-central-asia-iran-and-india/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/hephthalites/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-zarafshan-oasis-history-culture-and-lifeline/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-13T19:15:41Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/zarafshon-vohasi-tarixi-madaniyati-va-hayot-manbai/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/zarafshanskii-oazis-istoriya-kultura-i-istochnik-zhizni/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/the-zarafshan-oasis-history-culture-and-lifeline/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/zarafshon-vohasi-tarixi-madaniyati-va-hayot-manbai/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/uzbekistans-forgotten-ancient-cities/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-18T13:56:28Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ozbekistonning-unutilgan-qadimiy-shaharlari/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/zabytye-drevnie-goroda-uzbekistana-8-istoricheskikh-pamyatnikov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/uzbekistans-forgotten-ancient-cities/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/ozbekistonning-unutilgan-qadimiy-shaharlari/"/></url>
  <url><loc>https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/varakhsha-residence-of-the-bukhar-khudats/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-25T11:58:21Z</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="uz" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/varakhsha-bukharkhudats-residence/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://openhistory.uz/ru/articles/varakhsha-rezidenciya-bukharkhudatov/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://openhistory.uz/en/articles/varakhsha-residence-of-the-bukhar-khudats/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://openhistory.uz/uz/articles/varakhsha-bukharkhudats-residence/"/></url>
</urlset>
